Thromboembolic and microclots

=Thromboembolic and microclots=

Turner S, Naidoo CA, Usher TJ, Kruger A., Venter C., Laubscher GJ, Khan, MA, Kell DB, Pretorius E. (2022) Increased levels of inflammatory molecules in blood of Long COVID patients point to thrombotic endotheliitis. medRxiv 2022.10.13.22281055.

Kruger A, Vlok M, Turner S, Venter C, Laubscher GJ, Kell DB, Pretorius E (2022) Proteomics of fibrin amyloid microclots in Long COVID/ Post-Acute Sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC) shows many entrapped pro-inflammatory molecules that may also contribute to a failed fibrinolytic system. Cardiovasc Diabetol 21, 190. DOI.

Kell DB, Pretorius E (2022) The role of ischaemia-reperfusion injury in chronic, relapsing diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, long COVID and ME/CFS: evidence, mechanisms, and therapeutic implications. Biochem J 479, 1653-1709. DOI:

Grobbelaar LM, Kruger A, Venter C, Burger EM, Laubscher GJ, Maponga TG, Kotze MJ, Kwaan HC, Miller JB, Fulkerson D, Huff W, Chang E, Wiarda G, Bunch CM, Walsh MM, Raza S, Zamlut M, Moore HB, Moore EE, Neal M, Kell DB, Pretorius E (2022) Relative hypercoagulopathy of the SARS-CoV-2 Beta and Delta variants when compared to the less severe Omicron variants is related to TEG parameters, the extent of fibrin amyloid microclots, and the severity of clinical illness. Semin Thromb Hemost, in press. DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-175630610.1055/s-0042-1756306. ResearchSquare preprint here.

Pretorius E, Venter C, Laubscher GJ, Kotze MJ, Oladejo S, Watson LR, Rajaratnam K, Watson BW, Kell DB (2022) Prevalence of symptoms, comorbidities, fibrin amyloid microclots and platelet pathology in individuals with Long COVID/ Post-Acute Sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC). Cardiovasc Diabetol. 21, 148. DOI:. Research Square Preprint at. DOI:.

Nunes JM, Kruger A, Proal A, Kell DB, Pretorius E (2022) The occurrence of hyperactivated platelets and fibrinaloid microclots in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS). Pharmaceuticals 15, 931. DOI:. at Research Square. v2. DOI:.

Bunch CM, Moore EE, Moore HB, Neal MD, Thomas AV, Zackariya N, Zhao J, Zackariya S, Brenner TJ, Berquist M, Buckner H, Wiarda G, Fulkerson D, Huff W, Kwaan HC, Lankowicz G, Laubscher GJ, Lourens PJ, Pretorius E, Kotze MJ, Moolla MS, Sithole S, Maponga TG, Kell DB, Fox M, Gillespie L, Khan RZ, Mamczak CN, March R, Macias R, Bull BS, Walsh MM (2022) Immuno-thrombotic Complications of COVID-19: Implications for Timing of Surgery and Anticoagulation. Front Surg 9, 889999. DOI:.

Kell DB, Laubscher GJ, Pretorius E (2022) A central role for amyloid fibrin microclots in long COVID/PASC: origins and therapeutic implications. Biochem J 479, 537-559. DOI:.

Roberts I, Wright Muelas M, Taylor JM, Davison AS, Xu Y, Grixti JM, Gotts N, Sorokin A, Goodacre R, Kell DB (2022) metabolomics of COVID-19 patient serum reveals potential prognostic markers of both severity and outcome. Metabolomics 18, 6 (preprint below, 2020). DOI:

Pretorius E, Venter C, Laubsher GJ, Kotze MJ, Moremi K, Oladejo S, Watson LR, Rajaratnam K, Watson BW, Kell DB (2021): Combined triple treatment of fibrin amyloid microclots and platelet pathology in individuals with Long COVID/ Post-Acute Sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC) can resolve their persistent symptoms. Research Square rs-1205453/v1205451. DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-1205453/v1. Laubscher GJ, Lourens PJ, Venter C, Kell DB, Pretorius E (2021) TEG®, microclot and platelet mapping for guiding early management of severe COVID-19 coagulopathy. J Clin Med 10, 5381. DOI: 10.3390/jcm10225381. Pretorius E, Vlok M, Venter C, Bezuidenhout JA, Laubscher GJ, Steenkamp J, Kell DB (2021). Persistent clotting protein pathology in Long COVID/ Post-Acute Sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC) is accompanied by increased levels of antiplasmin. Cardiovasc Diabetol 20, 172. Pubmed 34425843. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12933-021-01359-7. Preprint: Pretorius E, Vlok M, Venter C, Bezuidenhout JA, Laubscher GJ, Steenkamp J, Kell DB (2021). Persistent clotting protein pathology in Long COVID/ Post-Acute Sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC) is accompanied by increased levels of antiplasmin. medRxiv 2021:2021.2005.2021.21257578. Grobbelaar LM, Venter C, Vlok M, Ngoepe M, Laubscher GJ, Lourens PJ, Steenkamp J, Kell DB, Pretorius E (2021). Grobbelaar LM, Venter C, Vlok M, Ngoepe M, Laubscher GJ, Lourens PJ, Steenkamp J, Kell DB, Pretorius E (2021) SARS-CoV-2 spike protein S1 induces fibrin(ogen) resistant to fibrinolysis: implications for microclot formation in COVID-19. Biosci Rep 41, BSR20210611. DOI: 10.1042/BSR20210611. Preprint at SARS-CoV-2 spike protein S1 induces fibrin(ogen) resistant to fibrinolysis: Implications for microclot formation in COVID-19. 2021.03.05.21252960v1. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.03.05.21252960.

Roberts I, Wright Muelas M, Taylor JM, Davison AS, Xu Y, Grixti JM, Gotts N, Sorokin A, Goodacre R, Kell DB (2020) Untargeted metabolomics of COVID-19 patient serum reveals potential prognostic markers of both severity and outcome. medRxiv 2020.12.09.20246389v1. DOI: 10.1101/2020.12.09.20246389. Bezuidenhout J, Venter C, Roberts T, Tarr G, Kell D, Pretorius E (2020. Detection of citrullinated fibrin in plasma clots of RA patients and its relation to altered structural clot properties, disease-related inflammation and prothrombotic tendency. Front Immunol 11, 577523. DOI 10.3389/fimmu.2020.577523. bioRxiv link. DOI:10.1101/2020.05.28.121301.  Venter C, Bezuidenhout JA, Laubscher GJ, Lourens PJ, Steenkamp J, Kell DB, Pretorius E (2020). Erythrocyte, platelet, serum ferritin and P-selectin pathophysiology implicated in severe hypercoagulation and vascular complications in COVID-19. Int J Mol Sci 21, 8234. DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218234. Pretorius E, Venter C, Laubscher GJ, Lourens PJ, Steenkamp J, Kell DB (2020) Prevalence of readily detected amyloid blood clots in ‘unclotted’ Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and COVID-19 plasma: A preliminary report. Cardiovasc Diabetol 19, 193. DOI 10.1186/s12933-020-01165-7. Prevalence of amyloid blood clots in COVID-19 plasma. medRxiv 2020.2007.2028.20163543v20163541. DOI 10.1101/2020.07.28.20163543.

Fogarty, H, Ward, SE, Townsend, L, et al. (July 2022) Sustained VWF-ADAMTS-13 axis imbalance and endotheliopathy in long COVID syndrome is related to immune dysfunction. J Thromb Haemost. 2022; 20: 2429- 2438. doi: 10.1111/jth.15830

Dhawan, Ranju T et al. Beyond the clot: perfusion imaging of the pulmonary vasculature after COVID-19 The Lancet Respiratory Medicine, Volume 0, Issue 0

Whyte MB, Kelly PA, Gonzalez E, Arya R, Roberts LN (Nov 2020). Pulmonary embolism in hospitalised patients with COVID-19. Thromb Res. 2020 Nov 1;195:95–9. The Wells score was no different between those with and without PE

Roubinian NH, Dusendang JR, Mark DG, et al. (05 April 2021) Incidence of 30-Day Venous Thromboembolism in Adults Tested for SARS-CoV-2 Infection in an Integrated Health Care System in Northern California. JAMA Intern Med. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2021.0488 Limitations of this study include the follow up is only for 30 days as acknowledged by authors and only a single PCR done therefore risk of false negatives present in controls.